Video with Linux

Creating a Menu

This page collects together information on making menus for dvdauthor using spumux and Gimp. Use 4:3 aspect ratio for menus with 720x480 images. If 16:9 is used one needs to make at least two and sometimes three different button highlight overlays so that buttons and their highlights appear in the correct places in all DVD player/television configurations. More information about making 16:9 aspect ratio menus was explained by the user borax on the videohelp forum. Using a 4:3 aspect ratio ensures that only one button overlay is needed so the buttons and their highlights will be correctly overlayed on all DVD players. Some links describing how to make menus for dvdauthor using gimp and spumux are

Required Software

The following open source software is used

Capturing a Background Image

Many camcorders will record stills to flash memory at a higher resolution than the video. These still images are good for creating the cover of the DVD. If you have a still image suitable for the background, skip to the next section. If high a resolution still images are not availabe, frame grabs from the video will have to be used instead. The best quality frame grabs may be obtained from the original source rather than the edited and reencoded final project.

Disable output scaling in mencoder by specifying -apsect <far> where <far> is the frame aspect ratio of the video source. For example if the source is 720x480 DV then <far> should be 3:2. If the source is 1440x1080 HDV then <far> should be 4:3. If the source is 1920x1080 AVCHD then <far> should be 16:9.

Here is how to start mencoder for grabbing 720x480 frames from DV source. 

$ mencoder -aspect 3:2 -vf screenshot src001.avi
Here is an example for grabbing a frame from 1440x1080 AVCHD source. 
$ mencoder -fps 30000/1001 -aspect 4:3 \
    -vf screenshot 20080814183517.m2ts
Note that -fps 30000/1001 may need to be specified explicity for mencoder to display the video, because some camcorder AVCHD files don't include the frame rate information.

Setting the display aspect ratio to be the same as the frame aspect ratio prevents mplayer from rescaling the frame grabs. We then deinterlace and rescale the frame grabs using Gimp. An alternative is to have mplayer do the deinterlacing and scaling before the frame grab. This works well for standard definition but not so well for high definition because it is too slow. Deinterlace and rescale with mplayer using 

$ mencoder -vf kerndeint,screenshot src001.avi
We procede assuming the deinterlacing and rescaling will be done in Gimp.

Use the left, right, up, down, space and . keys to find a good frame and press s to write it to disk. The frame grab will be called shot0001.png. Load this image into gimp using 

$ gimp shot0001.png &
Deinterlace the frame by right clicking on the image and selecting 
    Filters->Enhance->Deinterlace...
It doesn't matter much whether Keep odd fields or Keep even fields is selected. Choose which looks better, if there is a difference. Note that deinterlacing an image that is not interlaced will reduce the vertical resolution.

Rescale the Background Image

First set the resolution by right clicking on the image and selecting 
    Image->Scale Image...
Change the X resolution to 300 and press Scale. This should only change the resolution setting. No scaling should take place.

Right click on the image and again select 

    Image->Scale Image...
If your background image came from video source you will need to correct the aspect ratio as you scale it. In this case unlock the Width and Height entries. In the image came from widescreen source set Width to 8.443 inches and Height to 4.750 inches. For fullscreen set Width to 6.333 inches and Height to 4.750 inches. Otherwise leave the Width and Height locked and select Height to 4.750 inches. The Width will automatically change when you press the tab key. Click on Scale to rescale the image.

Since menus should be 4x3 fullscreen to avoid the bugs in rescaling the button overlays, crop any image that is too wide to 4x3 by selecting 

    Image->Canvas Size...
Unlock the Width and Height entries, set the units to inches and specify the Width at 6.333 inches. Position the image in the window and click on Resize. Now flatten the image by right clicking and selecting 
    Image->Flatten Image
The result should be an image suitable for use as the background.

Adding Text and Buttons

Select the text tool and type the text in black. Leave a margin at the edges of the image because the menu may be displayed on a television with overscan and because the image will be cropped on the left and the right when it is used for the cover. Do not flatten the image. Leave the text in its own layers.

In the example being created here, lets suppose there are two videos and we want to place a thumbnail of each video with an way to select between them. For each clip use mplayer and gimp as described above to create a deinterlaced frame grab suitable for use as a thumbnail. Rescale each image to correct the aspect ratio and make it a good size for the thumbnails.

In our example the frame grabs were from 16x9 video. We set the height to 1.250 inches, the width to 2.222 inches and rescale. Note that I also color correct and brighten the thumbnails to make them stand out more from the background.

Select a thumbnail. Press ctrl-C to copy it. Move the mouse to the window containing the background image and press ctrl-V to paste it. The press ctrl-L to bring up the Layers menu. Right click on the Floating Selection in the Layers window and select new layer. Do this for each thumbnail. Now use the mouse to arrange the thumbnails in the image.

In the Layers window right click on each thumbnail layer and duplicate the layer. Drag the black color into each original thumbnail layer image that is below each duplicate. Add text below the thumbnails describing each video. Duplicate each of the thumbnail text description layers.

At this point the Layers windows and Image windows should look like

Now turn off viewing the background image, the thumbnail images and one copy of the thumbnail text description layers.

Press ctrl-M in the image windows and select Expand as Necessary in the Layers Merge Options and click Merge. Duplicate the merged layer in the Layers window. Turn off the original layer.

Select the copy in the Layers window. Then right click on the image and select 

    Colors->Invert
The text should turn from black to white.

Now turn of the layer and turn back on the black version of the layer. Create a new layer underneath that layer that is entirely white. Press ctrl-M again to merge the layers. Finally right click on the image and select 

    Filters->Blur->Gaussian Blur...
Choose a radius of 25 px and click on Okay. Right click on the image and select 
    Colors->Curves...
In the Adjust Color Curves window shape the curve as shown so that the lettering is a dark fuzzy black color.

Go to the Layers menu and select Mode Multiply for this layer. Turn back on all layers except the duplicate of the snapshot descriptions. The image should look like

Save the image as cover.png. Gimp will ask if you want to export the image. Click Yes. Then save the image as cover.xcf.

Now open cover.png in a new image window using 

    File->Open...
The cover is needs to be cropped so that it is 5.5 inches wide. Select 
    Image->Canvas Size...
unlock the width from the height and specify a height of 5.5 inches. Position the image so that none of the text is chopped off and click Resize. Select 
    File->Save
and press ctrl-W to close the window. The cover is finished. Note that this cover is sized to fit a CD case rather the the DVD case.

Return to the cover.xcf window to make the DVD menu. Turn off viewing all the layers except the copies of the thumbnail descriptions. Merge the thumbnail descriptions to one layer using ctrl-M with Expand as necessary. Invert the color to make the text white. Then select 

    Colors->Curves...
Change the color by setting Channel to Green, Red or Blue and adjusting each curve.

Create a transparent layer beneath the thumbnail descriptions. Select this layer in the Layers window. Use the Pencil Tool and draw black lines to connect the letters that will form each button. The black lines should appear behind the letters.

This is the button highlight layer. Each group of connected letters will form a button in the menu. These buttons will be highlited with the chosen color when selected and white when they are not selected. Save the image to menu.xcf.

Merge the highlight layers and then turn that layer off. Turn the other layers back on and merge them. Rescale the image to 720x480 and save it as menu.png.

Delete the layer that is being displayed by right clicking on it in the Layers windows end selecting Delete Layer. Turn on the remaining highlight layer. Select 

    Image->Mode->Indexed...
Choose 3 for the maximum number of colors in the palette and click Okay. The palette must contain 3 colors plus transparency in order to be used by spumux for the button highlights. Save the image as menuh.png. Close the Gimp.

Optional Vertical Blurring

The menu will be encoded as progressive scan; however, it will still be displayed as an interlaced picture on a standard definition interlaced television. If the DVD will never be played on such a television you may skip this step. Otherwise, blur the DVD menu in the vertical direction to prevent interlacing twitter. Reload menu.png into Gimp. Select 
    Filters->Blur->Gaussian Blur...
Unlock Horizontal and Vertical. Enter 0 px for horizontal and 1 px for vertical.

Click Okay. Then save the image and exit the Gimp.

Multiplexing The Menu

The files menu.png and menuh.png need to be multiplexed together with spumux to make a DVD menu. This can be done with the script mkmenu-dvd and the command 
$ ./mkmenu-dvd menu.png
The output from running this command should look like 
Transcoding menu.png to menu.mpg....
16000+0 records in
16000+0 records out
64000 bytes (64 kB) copied, 0.0873948 s, 732 kB/s
   INFO: [ppmtoy4m] Command-line Parameters:
   INFO: [ppmtoy4m]              framerate:  30000:1001
   INFO: [ppmtoy4m]     pixel aspect ratio:  1:1
   INFO: [ppmtoy4m]          pixel packing:  RGB
   INFO: [ppmtoy4m]              interlace:  none/progressive
   INFO: [ppmtoy4m]         starting frame:  0
   INFO: [ppmtoy4m]            # of frames:  10, repeat last frame until done
   INFO: [ppmtoy4m]     chroma subsampling:  4:2:0 MPEG-2 (horiz. cositing)
FFmpeg version git-27f11a1, Copyright (c) 2000-2009 Fabrice Bellard, et al.
  configuration: --enable-gpl --enable-version3 --disable-debug
  --enable-libxvid --enable-libx264 --enable-libfaac
  --enable-libfaad --enable-libmp3lame --enable-libopencore-amrnb
  --enable-libopencore-amrwb --enable-nonfree --enable-shared
  libavutil     50. 3. 0 / 50. 3. 0
  libavcodec    52.32. 0 / 52.32. 0
  libavformat   52.37. 0 / 52.37. 0
  libavdevice   52. 2. 0 / 52. 2. 0
  libswscale     0. 7. 1 /  0. 7. 1
  built on Aug  5 2009 00:26:59, gcc: 4.3.2
   INFO: [ppmtoy4m] Output Stream parameters:
   INFO: [ppmtoy4m]     frame size:  720x480 pixels (518400 bytes)
   INFO: [ppmtoy4m]         chroma:  4:2:0 MPEG-2 (horiz. cositing)
   INFO: [ppmtoy4m]     frame rate:  30000/1001 fps (~29.970030)
   INFO: [ppmtoy4m]      interlace:  none/progressive
   INFO: [ppmtoy4m]   sample aspect ratio:  1:1
Input #0, yuv4mpegpipe, from '/dev/stdin':
  Duration: N/A, bitrate: N/A
    Stream #0.0: Video: rawvideo, yuv420p, 720x480, PAR 1:1 DAR 3:2, 29.97 tbr,
29.97 tbn, 29.97 tbc
Assuming NTSC for target.
Output #0, dvd, to 'menu.m2v':
    Stream #0.0: Video: mpeg2video, yuv420p, 720x480 [PAR 8:9 DAR 4:3], q=2-31,
6000 kb/s, 90k tbn, 29.97 tbc
Stream mapping:
  Stream #0.0 -> #0.0
frame=   10p fps=  0 q=2.0 Lsize=     194kB time=0.30 bitrate=5292.2kbits/s    
video:188kB audio:0kB global headers:0kB muxing overhead 3.295046%
FFmpeg version git-27f11a1, Copyright (c) 2000-2009 Fabrice Bellard, et al.
  configuration: --enable-gpl --enable-version3 --disable-debug
  --enable-libxvid --enable-libx264 --enable-libfaac
  --enable-libfaad --enable-libmp3lame --enable-libopencore-amrnb
  --enable-libopencore-amrwb --enable-nonfree --enable-shared
  libavutil     50. 3. 0 / 50. 3. 0
  libavcodec    52.32. 0 / 52.32. 0
  libavformat   52.37. 0 / 52.37. 0
  libavdevice   52. 2. 0 / 52. 2. 0
  libswscale     0. 7. 1 /  0. 7. 1
  built on Aug  5 2009 00:26:59, gcc: 4.3.2
Input #0, wav, from 'menu.wav':
  Duration: 00:00:00.33, bitrate: 1535 kb/s
    Stream #0.0: Audio: pcm_s16le, 48000 Hz, 2 channels, s16, 1536 kb/s

Seems stream 0 codec frame rate differs from container frame rate: 59.94
  (60000/1001) -> 29.97 (30000/1001)
Input #1, mpeg, from 'menu.m2v':
  Duration: 00:00:00.26, start: 0.500000, bitrate: 5953 kb/s
    Stream #1.0[0x1e0]: Video: mpeg2video, yuv420p, 720x480 [PAR 8:9 DAR 4:3],
9000 kb/s, 29.97 tbr, 90k tbn, 59.94 tbc
Assuming NTSC for target.
[ac3 @ 0x8c9d970]No channel layout specified. The encoder will guess the
layout, but it might be incorrect.
Output #0, dvd, to 'menub.mpg':
    Stream #0.0: Video: mpeg2video, yuv420p, 720x480 [PAR 8:9 DAR 4:3], q=2-31,
6000 kb/s, 90k tbn, 29.97 tbc
    Stream #0.1: Audio: ac3, 48000 Hz, stereo, s16, 128 kb/s
Stream mapping:
  Stream #1.0 -> #0.0
  Stream #0.0 -> #0.1
Press [q] to stop encoding
frame=   10p fps=  0 q=2.0 Lsize=     212kB time=0.30 bitrate=5783.2kbits/s    
video:200kB audio:6kB global headers:0kB muxing overhead 3.229733%
DVDAuthor::spumux, version 0.6.14.
Build options: gnugetopt magick iconv freetype fribidi
Send bugs to 

INFO: Locale=C
INFO: Converting filenames to ANSI_X3.4-1968
STAT: 0:00:00.000INFO: Picture menuh.png had 4 colors
INFO: Picture menuh.png had 4 colors
INFO: Constructing blank img
INFO: Autodetect 0 = 135x358-364x376
INFO: Autodetect 1 = 442x358-615x376
INFO: Pickbuttongroups, success with 1 groups, useimg=1
INFO: Found EOF in .sub file.
INFO: Max_sub_size=1154
INFO: 1 subtitles added, 0 subtitles skipped, stream: 32, offset: 0.50

Statistics:
- Processed 0 subtitles.
- The longest display line had -1 characters.
- The maximum number of displayed lines was 0.
- The normal display height of the font arial.ttf was 0.
- The bottom display height of the font arial.ttf was 0.
- The biggest subtitle box had 1154 bytes.
Note that the lines 
INFO: Autodetect 0 = 135x358-364x376
INFO: Autodetect 1 = 442x358-615x376
indicate that 2 buttons were found. This is a good check that things went well. The resulting file menu.mpg is can be used as a menu in dvdauthor.

Additional Notes

If you want to use semi transparent highlights for your button selections don't switch to indexed image mode in the Gimp. Instead leave the image mode as RBG and save the png as menuh-rgb.png. Then run the command 
$ pngquant 4 <menuh-rgb.png >menuh.png
to requantize the image to 4 colors.
Page written and maintained by Eric Olson
Last Updated: Tue Aug 18 01:23:28 PDT 2009